https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//index.html?id=544 Index des publications de Authors Jolanta Koszteyn fr 0 https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//4213-10-2005-07.html The concept of „fundamental unity of life" belongs to the descriptive element of biology. It contrasts with the equally empirical concept of multiplicity and diversity of living forms. „Fundamental unity of life" means that however peculiar a biological form might be, some of its essential mechanisms are exactly the same as in the rest of the biological world. It is astonishing to realize that so different beings as bacteria, plants and men manifest several evidently non fortuitous identities. For thousands of years man has been aware, that many behavioral traits are common to all living beings. Every living being processes matter, multiplies, regenerates, adapts to its surroundings'. During the last century a new, impressive confirmation and amplification of these resemblances was found on the molecular and subcellular level. One may say that the previous, rather raw concepts of nutrition, reproduction, adaptation and regeneration have been replaced by the more or less direct evidence, observable within the single living cells. So the idea of „fundamental unity of life" underwent a legitimate „reduction" to the level of biochemistry. Fri, 11 Dec 2020 12:28:40 +0100 Fri, 11 Dec 2020 12:28:40 +0100 https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//4213-10-2005-07.html https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//4167-09-2004-11.html Within the historical times, which roughly corresponds with the Holocene epoch, the whole of mankind is believed to be a single species. Homo sapiens. But the human genealogical tree (phylogeny) is populated by a really astounding number of paleontological species and paleontological genera: Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, Homo georgicus. Homo erectus, Homo ergaster, Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens. (cf. Gyula 2002). In fact there are many more (Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, Kenyanthropus platyops, Australopithecus garhi, Australopithecus aethiopicus) but Foley (2002), quite reasonably, states that the evidence for their existence is, at present, insufficient. The existence of these multiple forms is beyond any doubt. The doubt, however arises concerning the human or „prehuman" status of them. Were they really true specific forms, half-way between the apes and Holocene man? Is it possible that they constitute a number of different ecotypes (or paleoraces) within the same natural species of Homo sapiens? Fri, 11 Dec 2020 10:33:26 +0100 Fri, 11 Dec 2020 10:33:26 +0100 https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//4167-09-2004-11.html https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//4155-09-2004-05.html W artykule Jedna czy wiele dusz? Stanisław Ziemiański SJ omawia dwa stanowiska dotyczące problemu genezy duszy ludzkiej – kreacjonizm i traducjanizm. Według nauki Kościoła Katolickiego „każda dusza duchowa jest bezpośrednio stwarzana przez Boga (por. Pius XII, enc. Humani generis: DS 3896; Paweł VI, Wyznanie wiary Ludu Bożego, 8.) nie jest ona 'produktem' rodziców - i jest nieśmiertelna (Por. Sobór Laterański V (1513): DS 1440.), nie ginie więc po jej oddzieleniu się od data w chwili śmierci i połączy się na nowo z ciałem w chwili ostatecznego zmartwychwstania" (KE3C 366). Jest to stanowisko kreacjonizmu osobowych, indywidualnych dusz ludzkich. Natomiast traducjanizm stoi na stanowisku, że dusza ludzka jest przekazywana dziecku przez rodziców. Pan Bóg stworzył duszę ludzką tylko jeden raz - w momencie powołania do istnienia naszych Prarodziców (wg tradycji biblijnej Adama i Ewy). I ta „jedna jedyna" dusza przekazywana jest w procesie biologicznego rozmnazania się osób ludzkich (por. Dubray 1912). Fri, 11 Dec 2020 10:32:27 +0100 Fri, 11 Dec 2020 10:32:27 +0100 https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//4155-09-2004-05.html https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//4107-08-2003-06.html Actio immanens - as many other terms, coined by the Aristotelian-Thomist philosophical (A-T) tradition - is a biological concept par excellence. It was formed as a mental result of biological observation, on the strength of studies on living beings and so, refers to them first and foremost. During the last century, the term actio immanens gradually disappeared from philosophical encyclopedias and has totally vanished from the biological and philosophical language used to describe the dynamism of life. Moreover, if this term does appear at all, its meaning is rather vague. However, actio immanens belongs to the group of key concepts, without which it would seem not possible to properly describe, nor to properly understand biological phenomena. Fri, 11 Dec 2020 09:59:24 +0100 Fri, 11 Dec 2020 09:59:24 +0100 https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//4107-08-2003-06.html https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//3919-0401-09.html Information transfer implies two independent beings (a sender and a receiver) and two distinct, although closely tied levels of reality (the level of a message and the level of its production). In other words the „information transfer" is a multi-layer reality. The investigation of the „causal" mechanisms presupposes a proper description of the phenomenal effects. It is the phenomenal sphere of the directly observable events which provokes - in our mind - the questions driving the effort to explore the „mechanisms". It is absolutely crucial, therefore, to approach the process of description with the sufficiently unbiased means. A premature narrowing on the descriptive level may fatally affect our „explanatory" ideas on the underlying mechanisms. For instance, in the realm of „information theories" there is a deeply rooted, but not too reliable conviction, that the descriptive means, used in the process of the construction and utilization of some technical devices, give us a fair chance to describe the „Information transfer" within or between the living creatures. Wed, 09 Dec 2020 16:52:33 +0100 Wed, 09 Dec 2020 16:58:15 +0100 https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//3919-0401-09.html https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//3794-0201-06.html Since more than hundred years the attempts to explain biological adaptations constitute the main current of evolutionary thinking. In 1901 C. LI. Morgan wrote: „The doctrine of evolution has rendered the study of adaptation of scientific importance. Before that doctrine was formulated, natural adaptations formed part of the mystery of special creation, and played a great role in natural theology through the use of the argument from 'design in nature’". The modem doctrine of biology stresses the importance of the environment in „shaping" the inner properties of every living being. This means an obvious although tacit refusal to assume or recognize any single, integrated agent in the origin of main functional biological traits and in the genesis of new kinds of life. The role ascribed to random mutations, and to „pressures of the environment" is just one aspect of the neodarwinian theory. Another aspect of this doctrine is the widespread conviction that all phenomena of life are a natural, both random and necessary result of interactions between constantly changing material objects. Wed, 09 Dec 2020 11:50:01 +0100 Wed, 09 Dec 2020 14:24:21 +0100 https://fp.waik.stronazen.pl:443//3794-0201-06.html